Vulnerability Scan Result

Target:

http://vote.joye.dynamohub.co.nz/ (redirect)

Scanned target: https://vote.joye.dynamohub.co.nz/admin/login

Submitted: Jun 18, 2026 from SL

Public Scan

Scan mode: Passive (non-intrusive)

Summary

high

Info

Low

Medium

High

Critical

Screenshot

Screenshot could not be taken.

Title:	Joye Voting System
Description:	Electronic voting for property management meetings

IP Information

ip_address	54.206.191.33
country	AU
network_name	Amazon.com, Inc.
asn	AS16509

Open Ports

22/tcp	ssh	OpenSSH 10.2p1 Ubuntu 2ubuntu3.2
80/tcp	http	nginx 1.28.3
443/tcp	https	nginx 1.28.3

Web Technologies

Software / Version	Category
Framer Motion	JavaScript libraries
Next.js 16.2.4	JavaScript frameworks, Web frameworks, Web servers, Static site generator
Next.js App Router	JavaScript frameworks, Web servers
Turbopack	Development
Nginx 1.28.3	Web servers, Reverse proxies
React	JavaScript frameworks
Webpack	Miscellaneous
Priority Hints	Performance
Ubuntu	Operating systems

Web Application Vulnerabilities

Evidence

CVE	CVSS	EPSS Score	EPSS Percentile	Summary
CVE-2026-44578	8.6	0.38696	0.98393	Next.js is a React framework for building full-stack web applications. From 13.4.13 to before 15.5.16 and 16.2.5, self-hosted applications using the built-in Node.js server can be vulnerable to server-side request forgery through crafted WebSocket upgrade requests. An attacker can cause the server to proxy requests to arbitrary internal or external destinations, which may expose internal services or cloud metadata endpoints. Vercel-hosted deployments are not affected. This vulnerability is fixed in 15.5.16 and 16.2.5.
CVE-2026-45109	7.5	0.00505	0.39328	Next.js is a React framework for building full-stack web applications. From 15.2.0 to before 15.5.18 and 16.2.6, it was found that the fix addressing CVE-2026-44575 did not apply to middleware.ts with Turbopack. This vulnerability is fixed in 15.5.18 and 16.2.6.
CVE-2026-44579	7.5	0.00509	0.39499	Next.js is a React framework for building full-stack web applications. From to before 15.5.16 and 16.2.5, applications using Partial Prerendering through the Cache Components feature can be vulnerable to connection exhaustion through crafted POST requests to a server action. In affected configurations, a malicious request can trigger a request-body handling deadlock that leaves connections open for an extended period, consuming file descriptors and server capacity until legitimate users are denied service. This vulnerability is fixed in 15.5.16 and 16.2.5.
CVE-2026-44580	6.1	0.00205	0.10554	Next.js is a React framework for building full-stack web applications. From 13.0.0 to before 15.5.16 and 16.2.5, applications that use beforeInteractive scripts together with untrusted content can be vulnerable to cross-site scripting. In affected versions, serialized script content was not escaped safely before being embedded into the document, which could allow attacker-controlled input to break out of the intended script context and execute arbitrary JavaScript in a visitor's browser. This vulnerability is fixed in 15.5.16 and 16.2.5.
CVE-2026-44576	5.4	0.0025	0.16229	Next.js is a React framework for building full-stack web applications. From 14.2.0 to before 15.5.16 and 16.2.5, applications using React Server Components can be vulnerable to cache poisoning when shared caches do not correctly partition response variants. Under affected conditions, an attacker can cause an RSC response to be served from the original URL and poison shared cache entries so later visitors receive component payloads instead of the expected HTML. This vulnerability is fixed in 15.5.16 and 16.2.5.

Vulnerability description

Outdated or vulnerable software components include versions of server-side software that are no longer supported or have known, publicly disclosed vulnerabilities. Using outdated software significantly increases the attack surface of a system and may allow unauthorized access, data leaks, or service disruptions. Vulnerabilities in these components are often well-documented and actively exploited by attackers. Without security patches or vendor support, any weaknesses remain unmitigated, exposing the application to risks. In some cases, even after patching, the reported version may remain unchanged, requiring manual verification.

Risk description

The risk is that an attacker could search for an appropriate exploit (or create one himself) for any of these vulnerabilities and use it to attack the system. Since the vulnerabilities were discovered using only version-based testing, the risk level for this finding will not exceed 'high' severity. Critical risks will be assigned to vulnerabilities identified through accurate active testing methods.

Recommendation

In order to eliminate the risk of these vulnerabilities, we recommend you check the installed software version and upgrade to the latest version.

Classification

CWE	CWE-1035
OWASP Top 10 - 2017
OWASP Top 10 - 2021

Evidence

URL	Method	Parameters	Evidence
https://vote.joye.dynamohub.co.nz/admin/login	GET	Headers: User-Agent=Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/108.0.0.0 Safari/537.36	The following form sends inputs of type password plainly in the URL: ` Email Password<input type="password" data-slot="input" class="h-11 w-full min-w-0 rounded-xl border border-border bg-input px-4 py-2.5 text-base text-foreground transition-all duration-200 outline-none placeholder:text-muted-foreground/60 focus:border-primary focus:ring-3 focus:ring-primary/15 focus:bg-card disabled:pointer-events-no... (truncated)

Vulnerability description

We found a form which is submitted using a GET method and has inputs of the type password. The end result is that passwords are submitted in URLs.

Risk description

Passwords submitted in URLs have a higher chance of being leaked. The main reason is that URLs can be leaked in browser cross-site requests via the Referer header. Additionally, URLs are usually stored in all kinds of logs. If any access or error logs of the server were publicly accessible, an attacker could also harvest password from it.

Recommendation

You should submit passwords using POST rather than GET. This way sensitive data won't be shared to other locations via URLs.

Classification

CWE	CWE-598
OWASP Top 10 - 2017
OWASP Top 10 - 2021

Evidence

URL	Evidence
https://vote.joye.dynamohub.co.nz/admin/login	Response headers do not include the X-Content-Type-Options HTTP security header

Vulnerability description

We noticed that the target application's server responses lack the X-Content-Type-Options header. This header is particularly important for preventing Internet Explorer from reinterpreting the content of a web page (MIME-sniffing) and thus overriding the value of the Content-Type header.

Risk description

The risk is that lack of this header could make possible attacks such as Cross-Site Scripting or phishing in Internet Explorer browsers.

Recommendation

We recommend setting the X-Content-Type-Options header such as `X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff`.

Classification

CWE	CWE-693
OWASP Top 10 - 2017
OWASP Top 10 - 2021

Evidence

URL	Evidence
https://vote.joye.dynamohub.co.nz/admin/login	Response headers do not include the Referrer-Policy HTTP security header as well as the `<meta/>` tag with name 'referrer' is not present in the response.

Vulnerability description

We noticed that the target application's server responses lack the Referrer-Policy HTTP header, which controls how much referrer information the browser will send with each request originated from the current web application.

Risk description

The risk is that if a user visits a web page (e.g. "http://example.com/pricing/") and clicks on a link from that page going to e.g. "https://www.google.com", the browser will send to Google the full originating URL in the `Referer` header, assuming the Referrer-Policy header is not set. The originating URL could be considered sensitive information and it could be used for user tracking.

Recommendation

The Referrer-Policy header should be configured on the server side to avoid user tracking and inadvertent information leakage. The value `no-referrer` of this header instructs the browser to omit the Referer header entirely.

Classification

CWE	CWE-693
OWASP Top 10 - 2017
OWASP Top 10 - 2021

Evidence

URL	Evidence
https://vote.joye.dynamohub.co.nz/admin/login	Response does not include the HTTP Content-Security-Policy security header or meta tag

Vulnerability description

We noticed that the target application lacks the Content-Security-Policy (CSP) header in its HTTP responses. The CSP header is a security measure that instructs web browsers to enforce specific security rules, effectively preventing the exploitation of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities.

Risk description

The risk is that if the target application is vulnerable to XSS, lack of this header makes it easily exploitable by attackers.

Recommendation

Configure the Content-Security-Header to be sent with each HTTP response in order to apply the specific policies needed by the application.

Classification

CWE	CWE-1021
OWASP Top 10 - 2017
OWASP Top 10 - 2021

Evidence

Software / Version	Category
Framer Motion	JavaScript libraries
Next.js 16.2.4	JavaScript frameworks, Web frameworks, Web servers, Static site generator
Next.js App Router	JavaScript frameworks, Web servers
Turbopack	Development
Nginx 1.28.3	Web servers, Reverse proxies
React	JavaScript frameworks
Webpack	Miscellaneous
Priority Hints	Performance
Ubuntu	Operating systems

Vulnerability description

We noticed that server software and technology details are exposed, potentially aiding attackers in tailoring specific exploits against identified systems and versions.

Risk description

The risk is that an attacker could use this information to mount specific attacks against the identified software type and version.

Recommendation

We recommend you to eliminate the information which permits the identification of software platform, technology, server and operating system: HTTP server headers, HTML meta information, etc.

Classification

CWE	CWE-200
OWASP Top 10 - 2017
OWASP Top 10 - 2021

Evidence

URL	Evidence
https://vote.joye.dynamohub.co.nz/admin/login	Response headers do not include the HTTP Strict-Transport-Security header

Vulnerability description

We noticed that the target application lacks the HTTP Strict-Transport-Security header in its responses. This security header is crucial as it instructs browsers to only establish secure (HTTPS) connections with the web server and reject any HTTP connections.

Risk description

The risk is that lack of this header permits an attacker to force a victim user to initiate a clear-text HTTP connection to the server, thus opening the possibility to eavesdrop on the network traffic and extract sensitive information (e.g. session cookies).

Recommendation

The Strict-Transport-Security HTTP header should be sent with each HTTPS response. The syntax is as follows: `Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=<seconds>[; includeSubDomains]` The parameter `max-age` gives the time frame for requirement of HTTPS in seconds and should be chosen quite high, e.g. several months. A value below 7776000 is considered as too low by this scanner check. The flag `includeSubDomains` defines that the policy applies also for sub domains of the sender of the response.

Classification

CWE	CWE-693
OWASP Top 10 - 2017
OWASP Top 10 - 2021

Evidence

URL
Missing: https://vote.joye.dynamohub.co.nz/.well-known/security.txt

Vulnerability description

We have noticed that the server is missing the security.txt file, which is considered a good practice for web security. It provides a standardized way for security researchers and the public to report security vulnerabilities or concerns by outlining the preferred method of contact and reporting procedures.

Risk description

There is no particular risk in not having a security.txt file for your server. However, this file is important because it offers a designated channel for reporting vulnerabilities and security issues.

Recommendation

We recommend you to implement the security.txt file according to the standard, in order to allow researchers or users report any security issues they find, improving the defensive mechanisms of your server.

Classification

CWE	CWE-1188
OWASP Top 10 - 2017
OWASP Top 10 - 2021

Evidence

URL Evidence

URL	Evidence
https://vote.joye.dynamohub.co.nz/admin/login	<input type="email" data-slot="input" class="h-11 w-full min-w-0 rounded-xl border border-border bg-input px-4 py-2.5 text-base text-foreground transition-all duration-200 outline-none placeholder:text-muted-foreground/60 focus:border-primary focus:ring-3 focus:ring-primary/15 focus:bg-card disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-50 aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-3 aria-invalid:ring-destructive/20" id="email" autocomplete="email" placeholder="admin@example.com" name="email"> <input type="password" data-slot="input" class="h-11 w-full min-w-0 rounded-xl border border-border bg-input px-4 py-2.5 text-base text-foreground transition-all duration-200 outline-none placeholder:text-muted-foreground/60 focus:border-primary focus:ring-3 focus:ring-primary/15 focus:bg-card disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-50 aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-3 aria-invalid:ring-destructive/20" id="password" autocomplete="current-password" placeholder="••••••••" name="password"> <button class="inline-flex items-center justify-center gap-2 whitespace-nowrap transition-all duration-200 focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-ring focus-visible:ring-offset-2 disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 [&_svg]:pointer-events-none [&_svg]:size-4 [&_svg]:shrink-0 active:scale-[0.98] bg-primary hover:bg-primary/90 hover:shadow-md h-12 rounded-xl px-8 text-base w-full gradient-brand text-white font-semibold hover:opacity-90 shadow-sm" type="submit">Sign In</b... (truncated)

https://vote.joye.dynamohub.co.nz/admin/login

<input type="email" data-slot="input" class="h-11 w-full min-w-0 rounded-xl border border-border bg-input px-4 py-2.5 text-base text-foreground transition-all duration-200 outline-none placeholder:text-muted-foreground/60 focus:border-primary focus:ring-3 focus:ring-primary/15 focus:bg-card disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-50 aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-3 aria-invalid:ring-destructive/20" id="email" autocomplete="email" placeholder="admin@example.com" name="email"> <input type="password" data-slot="input" class="h-11 w-full min-w-0 rounded-xl border border-border bg-input px-4 py-2.5 text-base text-foreground transition-all duration-200 outline-none placeholder:text-muted-foreground/60 focus:border-primary focus:ring-3 focus:ring-primary/15 focus:bg-card disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-50 aria-invalid:border-destructive aria-invalid:ring-3 aria-invalid:ring-destructive/20" id="password" autocomplete="current-password" placeholder="••••••••" name="password"> <button class="inline-flex items-center justify-center gap-2 whitespace-nowrap transition-all duration-200 focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-ring focus-visible:ring-offset-2 disabled:pointer-events-none disabled:opacity-50 [&_svg]:pointer-events-none [&_svg]:size-4 [&_svg]:shrink-0 active:scale-[0.98] bg-primary hover:bg-primary/90 hover:shadow-md h-12 rounded-xl px-8 text-base w-full gradient-brand text-white font-semibold hover:opacity-90 shadow-sm" type="submit">Sign In</b... (truncated)

Vulnerability description

We have discovered that the target application presents a login interface that could be a potential target for attacks. While login interfaces are standard for user authentication, they can become vulnerabilities if not properly secured.

Risk description

The risk is that an attacker could use this interface to mount brute force attacks against known passwords and usernames combinations leaked throughout the web.

Recommendation

Ensure each interface is not bypassable using common knowledge of the application or leaked credentials using occasional password audits.

Classification

CWE	CWE-287
OWASP Top 10 - 2017
OWASP Top 10 - 2021

Infrastructure Vulnerabilities

Evidence

CVE	CVSS	EPSS Score	EPSS Percentile	CISA KEV	Summary
CVE-2026-44578	8.6	0.38696	0.98393	No	Next.js is a React framework for building full-stack web applications. From 13.4.13 to before 15.5.16 and 16.2.5, self-hosted applications using the built-in Node.js server can be vulnerable to server-side request forgery through crafted WebSocket upgrade requests. An attacker can cause the server to proxy requests to arbitrary internal or external destinations, which may expose internal services or cloud metadata endpoints. Vercel-hosted deployments are not affected. This vulnerability is fixed in 15.5.16 and 16.2.5.
CVE-2026-45109	7.5	0.00505	0.39328	No	Next.js is a React framework for building full-stack web applications. From 15.2.0 to before 15.5.18 and 16.2.6, it was found that the fix addressing CVE-2026-44575 did not apply to middleware.ts with Turbopack. This vulnerability is fixed in 15.5.18 and 16.2.6.
CVE-2026-44579	7.5	0.00509	0.39499	No	Next.js is a React framework for building full-stack web applications. From to before 15.5.16 and 16.2.5, applications using Partial Prerendering through the Cache Components feature can be vulnerable to connection exhaustion through crafted POST requests to a server action. In affected configurations, a malicious request can trigger a request-body handling deadlock that leaves connections open for an extended period, consuming file descriptors and server capacity until legitimate users are denied service. This vulnerability is fixed in 15.5.16 and 16.2.5.
CVE-2026-44580	6.1	0.00205	0.10554	No	Next.js is a React framework for building full-stack web applications. From 13.0.0 to before 15.5.16 and 16.2.5, applications that use beforeInteractive scripts together with untrusted content can be vulnerable to cross-site scripting. In affected versions, serialized script content was not escaped safely before being embedded into the document, which could allow attacker-controlled input to break out of the intended script context and execute arbitrary JavaScript in a visitor's browser. This vulnerability is fixed in 15.5.16 and 16.2.5.
CVE-2026-44576	5.4	0.0025	0.16229	No	Next.js is a React framework for building full-stack web applications. From 14.2.0 to before 15.5.16 and 16.2.5, applications using React Server Components can be vulnerable to cache poisoning when shared caches do not correctly partition response variants. Under affected conditions, an attacker can cause an RSC response to be served from the original URL and poison shared cache entries so later visitors receive component payloads instead of the expected HTML. This vulnerability is fixed in 15.5.16 and 16.2.5.

Vulnerability description

Vulnerabilities found for Next.js 16.2.4

Risk description

These vulnerabilities expose the affected applications to the risk of unauthorized access to confidential data and possibly to denial of service attacks. An attacker could search for an appropriate exploit (or create one) for any of these vulnerabilities and use it to attack the system. Notes: - The vulnerabilities are identified based on the server's version.; - Only the first 5 vulnerabilities with the highest risk are shown for each port.; Since the vulnerabilities were discovered using only version-based testing, the risk level for this finding will not exceed "high" severity. Critical risks will be assigned to vulnerabilities identified through accurate active testing methods.

Recommendation

We recommend you to upgrade the affected software to the latest version in order to eliminate the risks imposed by these vulnerabilities.

Evidence

We managed to detect that nginx has reached the End-of-Life (EOL).

Version detected: 1.28.3 End-of-life date: 2026-04-14 Latest version for the cycle: 1.28.3 This release cycle (1.28) doesn't have long-term-support (LTS). The cycle was released on 2025-04-23 and its latest release date was 2026-03-24.

Risk description

Using end-of-life (EOL) software poses significant security risks for organizations. EOL software no longer receives updates, including critical security patches. This creates a vulnerability landscape where known and potentially new security flaws remain unaddressed, making the software an attractive target for malicious actors. Attackers can exploit these vulnerabilities to gain unauthorized access, disrupt services, or steal sensitive data. Moreover, without updates, compatibility issues arise with newer technologies, leading to operational inefficiencies and increased potential for system failures. Additionally, regulatory and compliance risks accompany the use of EOL software. Many industries have strict data protection regulations that require up-to-date software to ensure the highest security standards. Non-compliance can result in hefty fines and legal consequences. Organizations also risk damaging their reputation if a breach occurs due to outdated software, eroding customer trust and potentially leading to a loss of business. Therefore, continuing to use EOL software undermines both security posture and business integrity, necessitating timely upgrades and proactive risk management strategies.

Recommendation

To mitigate the risks associated with end-of-life (EOL) software, it's crucial to take proactive steps. Start by identifying any EOL software currently in use within your organization. Once identified, prioritize upgrading or replacing these applications with supported versions that receive regular updates and security patches. This not only helps close security gaps but also ensures better compatibility with newer technologies, enhancing overall system efficiency and reliability.Additionally, develop a comprehensive software lifecycle management plan. This plan should include regular audits to identify upcoming EOL dates and a schedule for timely updates or replacements. Train your IT staff and users about the importance of keeping software up to date and the risks associated with using outdated versions. By maintaining a proactive approach to software management, you can significantly reduce security risks, ensure compliance with industry regulations, and protect your organization's reputation and customer trust.

Operating System	Accuracy
Linux 4.10	93%

Evidence

Domain Queried	DNS Record Type	Description	Value
vote.joye.dynamohub.co.nz	A	IPv4 address	54.206.191.33

Risk description

An initial step for an attacker aiming to learn about an organization involves conducting searches on its domain names to uncover DNS records associated with the organization. This strategy aims to amass comprehensive insights into the target domain, enabling the attacker to outline the organization's external digital landscape. This gathered intelligence may subsequently serve as a foundation for launching attacks, including those based on social engineering techniques. DNS records pointing to services or servers that are no longer in use can provide an attacker with an easy entry point into the network.

Recommendation

We recommend reviewing all DNS records associated with the domain and identifying and removing unused or obsolete records.

Evidence

Software / Version	Category
Next.js 16.2.4	JavaScript frameworks, Web frameworks, Web servers, Static site generator
Turbopack	Development
Ubuntu	Operating systems
Nginx 1.28.3	Web servers, Reverse proxies
React	JavaScript frameworks
Next.js App Router	JavaScript frameworks, Web servers
Framer Motion	JavaScript libraries
Priority Hints	Performance
Webpack	Miscellaneous

Vulnerability description

We noticed that server software and technology details are exposed, potentially aiding attackers in tailoring specific exploits against identified systems and versions.

Risk description

The risk is that an attacker could use this information to mount specific attacks against the identified software type and version.

Recommendation

We recommend you to eliminate the information which permits the identification of software platform, technology, server and operating system: HTTP server headers, HTML meta information, etc.